In nazi Germany there was no place for dissidents. Nazi policy was to do away with democratic freedom, other political parties, trade unions, and free press, as well as Jews. The persecution and exclusion of Jews from society began with a boycott against Jewish stores. Several unplanned pogroms against Jews followed and a numerus clausus for Jewish students and several professions were issued. The Nuremberg laws of September 1935 prohibited Aryans from marrying non-Aryans. Jews lost their German citizenship. The nazis portrayed Germany's struggle against 'the international Judaism' as a confrontation with the Bolshevism - ‘the instrument of the Jews'. The Reichspogromnacht of November 1938, also known as the Kristallnacht, was the first massive and systematic pogrom against Jews, synagogues, and Jewish property. Jewish children were expelled from schools; Jewish stores and businesses were expropriated. Jews were excluded from theatres, cinemas, and sports clubs. In many German cities they were prohibited from entering Aryan areas. A big letter ‘J' was stamped in the passports of German Jews. Hundreds of thousands of German Jews fled Germany before the war started.